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The
Health of Children and Young People
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23 World Health Organasation. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation, Geneva 3-5 June 1997, Geneva, WHO 1998. 24 Katzmarzyk PT, Tremblay A, Perusse L, Despres JP, Bouchard C. The utility of the international child and adolescent overweight guidelines for predicting coronary heart disease risk factors. J Clin Epidemiol, 2003; 56: 456-462. 25 Chinn S, Rona, RJ. International definitions of overweight and obesity for children: a lasting solution? Ann Hum Biol, 2002; 29: 306-313. 26 Reilly JJ. Assessment of childhood obesity: National reference data or international approach? Obes Res, 2002; 10: 838-840. 27 Reilly JJ, Wilson ML, Summerbell CD, Wilson DC. Obesity: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment; evidence based answers to common questions. Arch Dis Child, 2002; 86: 392-395. 28 Chinn SR, Rona RJ. Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in three cross sectional studies of British children, 1974-94. BMJ, 2001; 322: 24-26. 29 Kiess W, Galler A, Reich A, Muller G, Meyer K, Bennek J, Kratzsch J. Clinical aspects of obesity in childhood and adolescence. Obes Rev, 2001; 2: 29-36. 30 Jebb SA, Renniew KL, Cole TJ. Prevalence and demographic determinants of overweight and obesity among young people in Great Britain. Int J Obes, 2003; 27:S9. 31 Tremblay MS, Katzmarzyk PT, Willms JD. Temporal trends in overweight and obesity in Canada, 1981-1996. Int J Obes, 2002; 26: 538-43. 32 Gulliford MC, Mahabir D, Rocke B, Chinn S, Rona R. Overweight, obesity and skinfold thicknesses of children of African or Indian descent in Trinidad and Tobago. Inter J Epidemiol, 2001; 30:989-98. 33 Lobstein TJ, James WPT, Cole TJ. Increasing levels of excess weight among children in England. Int J Obes, 2003; 27: 1136-1138. 34 Reilly J, Dorosty A, Emmett, P. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in British children: cohort study. BMJ, 1999; 319: 1039. 35 Bundred P, Kitciner D, Buchan I. Prevalence of overweight and obese children between 1989 and 1998: population based series of cross sectional studies. BMJ, 2001; 322: 1-4 36 Rudolf MCJ, Sahota P, Barth JH, Walker J. Increasing prevalence of obesity in primary school children: cohort study. BMJ, 2001; 322: 1094-1095. 37 Chief Medical Officer of England. Annual Report 2002. Department of Health, London, 2003. 38 Troiano RP, Flegal, KM. Overweight prevalence among youth in the United States: why so many different numbers? Int J Obes, 1999; 32(Suppl 2): S22-S27. 39 Lew EA, Garfinkel L. Variations in mortality by weight among 750,000 men and women. J Chronic Disease, 1978; 32: 563-565. 40 Rhoads GG, Kagan A. The relation of coronary-disease, stroke, and mortality to weight in youth and in middle-age. Lancet, 1983; 1: 492-495. 41 Waaler HT. Height, weight and mortality - the Norwegian experience. Acta Med Scand, 1984; 1: 679. 42 Gunnell D, Frankel S, Nanchahal, K, Peters TJ, Smith GD. Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular mortality: a 57-y follow-up study based on the Boyd Orr cohort. Am J Clin Nutr, 1998; 67: 1111-1118. 43 Hoffmans M, Kromhout D, Coulander CD. The impact of body-mass index of 78,612 18-year-old Dutch men on 32-year mortality from all causes. J Clin Epidemiol, 1988; 41: 749-756. 44 Must A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Bajema CJ, Dietz WH. Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents - a follow-up of the Harvard growth study of 1922 to 1935. New England J Med, 1992; 327:1350-1355. 45 Engeland A, Bjorge T, Sogaard AJ, Tverdal A. Body mass index in adolescence in relation to total mortality: 32-year follow-up of 227,000 Norwegian boys and girls. Am J Epidemiol, 2003; 157:517-523. 46 Freedman D, Dietz WH, Srinivasan S, Berenson GS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics, 1999; 103: 1175-1182. 47 Falaschetti E, Hirani V. Blood pressure (Chapter 8). In: Sporston K, Primatesta, P (eds). Health Survey for England 2002. The Stationery Office, London, 1998. 48 Ribeiro J, Guerra S, Pinto A, Oliveira J, Duarte J, Mota J. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: relationship with blood pressure, and physical activity. Ann Hum Biol, 2003; 30:203-213. 49 von Mutius E, Schwartz J, Neas LM, Dockery D, Weiss ST. Relation of body mass index to asthma and atopy in children: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study III. Thorax, 2001; 56:835-838. 50 Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Valdez R, Beckles GLA, Saaddine J, Gregg EW, Williamson DF, Narayan KMV. Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: An epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. J Pediatr, 2000; 136: 664-672. 51 Schwimmer JB, Burwinkle TM, Varni JW. Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents. JAMA, 2003; 289: 1813-1819. 52 Kolody B, Sallis JF. A prospective study of ponderosity, body image, self-concept, and psychological variables in children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1995; 16:1-5. 53 Falkner NH, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Jeffery RW, Beuhring T, Resnick MD. Social, educational, and psychological correlates of weight status in adolescents. Obes Res, 2001; 9: 32-42. 54 Zipper E, Vila G, Dabbas M, Bertrand C, Mouren-Simeoni MC, Robert JJ, Ricour C. Childhood and adolescent obesity, mental disorders and familial psychopathology. Presse Med, 2001; 30: 1489-1495. 55 Britz B, Siegfried W, Ziegler A, Lamertz C, Herpertz-Dahlmann,BM, Remschmidt H, Wittchen HU, Hebebrand J. Rates of psychiatric disorders in a clinical study group of adolescents with extreme obesity and in obese adolescents ascertained via a population based study. Int J Obes, 2000; 24:1707-1714. 56 Renman C, Engstrom I, Silfverdal SA, Aman J. Mental health and psychosocial characteristics in adolescent obesity: a population-based case-control study. Acta Paediatr, 1999; 88: 998-1003. 57 Rumpel C, Harris TB. The influence of weight on adolescent self-esteem. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38:547-56. 58 Braet C, Wydhooge K. Dietary restraint in normal weight and overweight children. A cross-sectional study. Int J Obes, 2000; 24: 314-318. 59 Hill AJ, Draper E, Stack J. A weight on children's minds: body shape dissatisfactions at 9-years old. Int J Obes,1994; 18: 383-389. 60 Gustafson-Larson AM, Terry RD. Weight-related behaviors and concerns of fourth-grade children. J Am Diet Assoc 1992; 92: 818-822. 61 Connor-Green PA. Gender differences in body weight perception and weight-loss strategies of college students. Women-Health 1988; 14:27-42. 62 Power C, Moynihan C. Social class and changes in weight-for-height between childhood and early adulthood. Int J Obesity 1988; 12:445-453. 63 Duran-Tauleria E, Rona RJ, Chinn S. Factors associated with weight for height and skinfold thickness in British children. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 466-473. 64 Sobal J, Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic status and obesity: a review of literature. Psycho Bullet 1989; 105:260-275. 65 Hitchcock NE, Maller RA, Gilmour AI. Body size of young Australians aged five to 16 years. Med J Aust 1986; 145:368-72. 66 Persson LA. Dietary habits and health risks in Swedish children. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1984; 38:287-297. 67 Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS, Popkin BM. The relationship of ethnicity, socioeconomic factors, and overweight in US Adolescents. Obes Res, 2003; 11: 121-129. 68 Wang YF. Cross-national comparison of childhood obesity: the epidemic and the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status. Int J Epidemiol, 2001; 30: 1129-1136. 69 Bost L, Primatesta P, Dong W. Anthropometric measures and children's iron status (Chapter 7). In: Prescott-Clarke P, Primatesta, P (eds). Health Survey for England 1996. The Stationery Office, London,1998. 70 Williams S, Dickson N. Early growth, menarche, and adiposity rebound. Lancet, 2002; 359: 580-581. 71 The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Growth and Development. Section 1.10-1.11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998. 72 Boreham R, Erens B, Falaschetti E, Hirani V, Primatesta P. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease (Chapter 3). In: Erens B, Primatesta, P (eds). Health Survey for England 1998. The Stationery Office, London, 1999. 73 As with RG social class, full-time students who had never worked, people never employed, armed forces personnel and occupations inadequately described are not included in the five-category version of the NS-SEC. They are also not included in the total column in tables showing NS-SEC breaks. For a description of the operational categories of the NS-SEC see www.statistics.gov.uk/methods_quality/ns_sec. 74 Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Index of Deprivation 2000. Regeneration Research Summary No. 31. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 2000. 75 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/gor.asp 76 Bost L, Primatesta P, McMunn A. Anthropometric measures and eating habits (Chapter 3). In: Prescott-Clarke P, Primatesta, P (eds). Health Survey for England 1995-1997. The Stationery Office, London,1998. 77 Danielzik S, Langnase K, Mast M, Spethmann C, Muller MJ. Impact of parental BMI on the manifestation of overweight 5-7 year old children. Eur J Nutr, 2002; 41: 132-138. 78 Sekine M, Yamagami T, Handa K Saito T, Nanri S, Kawaminami K, Tokui N, Yoshida K, Kagamimori S. A dose-response relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood obesity: results of the Toyama Birth Cohort Study. Child Care Hlth Dev, 2002; 28: 163-170. 79 Strauss RS, Knight J. Influence of the home environment on the development of obesity in children. Pediatrics, 1999; 103: E85. 80 Hughes J, Li L, Chinn SR, Rona RJ. Trends in growth in England and Scotland, 1972 to 1994. Arch Dis Child, 1997; 76: 182-189. 81 Booth ML, Chey T, Wake M, Norton K, Hesketh K, Dollman J, Robertson I. Change in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among young Australians, 1969-1997. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003; 77: 29-36. 82 Wang YF, Monteiro C, Popkin BM. Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia. Am J Clin Nutr, 2002; 75:971-977. 83 Heude B, Lafay L, Borys JM, Thibult N, Lommez A, Romon M, Ducimetiere P, Charles M. Time trend in height, weight, and obesity prevalence in school children from Northern France 1992-2000. Diabetes Metab, 2003; 29:235-240. 84 Frye C, Heinrich J. Trends and predictors of overweight and obesity in East German children. Int J Obes. 2003; 27:963-969. 85 Kalies H, Lenz J, von Kries R. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and trends in body mass index in German pre-school children, 1982-1997. Int J Obes. 2002; 26:1211-1217. 86 Kautiainen S, Rimpela A, Vikat A, Virtanen SM. Secular trends in overweight and obesity among Finnish adolescents in 1977-1999. Int J Obes. 2002; 26:544-552. 87 Petersen S, Brulin C, Bergstrom E. Increasing prevalence of overweight in young schoolchildren in Umea, Sweden, from 1986 to 2001. Acta Paediatr. 2003; 92: 848-853.
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